Menorrhagia - Excessive Menstrual Bleeding
Introduction
Menorrhagia or hypermorrhea are the medical terms for excessive or prolonged menstrual bleeding. All females may experience a heavy period at one time or another, but a small number of women experience extremely heavy bleeding, periods that last longer than seven days, or both. Hormonal imbalances or noncancerous uterine fibroids are the most common cause of menorrhagia. Menorrhagia is treated with medications or surgery if drug therapy fails. There are several surgical procedures that may be used, depending on the cause of menorrhagia.
Anatomy
The menstrual cycle is a regular process that is regulated by hormones. The average menstrual cycle lasts around 28 days, but it varies among individuals and may be either longer or shorter. Each month the uterine lining thickens as it builds up extra blood and tissue in preparation for a potential fertilized egg. An egg that is fertilized by a sperm cell may implant itself in the nourishing uterine lining and develop into a baby. An unfertilized egg or a fertilized egg that does not implant in the uterus passes through the reproductive system. During menstruation prostaglandins, a hormone-like substance, cause the uterus to contract. The uterine lining sheds and the blood leaves the body through the vagina.
Causes
In some cases, the cause of menorrhagia is unknown. It is most frequently caused by hormone imbalances or uterine fibroids. Hormone imbalances can cause the uterine lining to develop in excess and result in a heavy period when it sheds. Hormone imbalances occur more often in females that are experiencing their first period and women that are approaching menopause. Uterine fibroids are noncancerous growths that may develop during the childbearing years.
There are several other causes of menorrhagia including uterine polyps, ovarian cysts, ovary dysfunction, intrauterine device (IUD), and adenomyosis. Chemotherapy, blood thinning medication, or anti-inflammatory medication may cause menorrhagia. Some medical conditions may increase the risk of menorrhagia, including pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), thyroid disorders, endometriosis, lupus, liver disease, kidney disease, blood disorders, and certain types of cancer.
Symptoms
Menorrhagia causes extremely heavy menstrual bleeding. The bleeding is heavy enough to soak through one or more sanitary pad or tampon every half-hour for several hours. You may need to change your pad during the night. Your menstrual flow may contain large blood clots. Your periods may last longer than seven days or be irregular. You may experience constant pain in your lower abdomen during your periods. Substantial blood loss may lead to anemia. Symptoms of anemia include feeling tired, shortness of breath, and a pale complexion.Diagnosis
You should contact your doctor if you experience the symptoms of menorrhagia. It is helpful to keep a record of your bleeding, including dates and how heavy your flow was. Bring your record to your appointment for your doctor to review. Your doctor will ask you about your medical history and periods. Bring a list of any medications that you take to your appointment. This will help your doctor determine if your medications are contributing to menorrhagia. If so, you doctor may be able to change your medication.
Your doctor will conduct a physical examination and some tests. Your blood may be tested for abnormalities, such as anemia. A Pap smear may be used to test your cervix for abnormal or cancerous cells. An endometrial biopsy may be used to obtain cell samples from your uterus for examination.
Imaging tests may be conducted to help identify abnormal growths. An ultrasound uses sound waves to create pictures of your internal organs. A sonohysterogram uses ultrasound after fluid is inserted into your uterus. A sonohysterogram is used to identify problems with the uterine lining. A hysterosalpingography is used to evaluate the size of your uterus and fallopian tubes. This test involves using an injected dye to highlight X-ray images.
Your doctor will rule out other conditions that have similar symptoms to menorrhagia. For instance, a one-time late heavy period may be an early miscarriage. An ectopic pregnancy may cause heavy bleeding. An ectopic pregnancy is a serious complication that results when the fertilized egg implants in the fallopian tube instead of the uterus.
Treatment
The treatment that you receive depends on many factors, including the extent and cause of your condition. Your doctor may recommend iron supplements and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, aspirin, or naproxen act as prostaglandin inhibitors and can relieve symptoms. Birth control pills or the hormone progesterone may be used to reduce menorrhagia.
Surgery may be needed if drug therapy fails or if there is an underlying condition that needs to be treated. There are several surgical options. The type of intervention that you receive may depend on the type of underlying condition that you have. It is important that you understand the long-term consequences of the procedures before you make a decision. Your doctor can provide you with a thorough explanation of all of your options to help you decide what is best for you. Common surgical procedures for menorrhagia include dilation and cutterage (D&C), operative hysteroscopy, endometrial ablation, endometrial resection, and hysterectomy.
A D&C is a common procedure used to reduce menstrual bleeding. A surgeon can use a suction or scrape method to remove the lining of the uterus. The procedure may need to be repeated over time. An ultrasound may used to guide the surgeon to the exact area in question.
An operative hysteroscopy is used to view your uterine cavity and remove a polyp that may contribute to heavy bleeding. An operative hysteroscopy involves inserting a hystoscope into the uterus, through the vagina and dilated cervix. The hystoscope transmits images to a video system to guide your doctor during the procedure.
Endometrial ablation uses high energy to permanently destroy the lining of the uterus. Endometrial resection uses an electrosurgical wire loop to remove the uterine lining. These two options should be used by women who are certain that they do not want to have children. Both endometrial ablation and endometrial resection can cause serious complications to the mother and fetus if pregnancy should occur.
A hysterectomy is a surgical procedure that removes the uterus and usually the cervix. A hysterectomy is permanent and non-reversible. After a hysterectomy, a woman will not have periods and will not be able to become pregnant.
Prevention
You may be able to reduce your risk for menorrhagia by eliminating the risk factors that you can control. You may be able to prevent pelvic inflammatory disease by avoiding contact with sexually transmitted disease. The can be achieved by abstinence. Female or male condoms may help reduce the spread of some types of sexually transmitted diseases.
Am I at Risk
Young females may be especially prone to menorrhagia for the first 12 to 18 months following their first period or before they are ovulate regularly. Women that experience hormonal imbalances as they approach menopause are at risk for menorrhagia. Females with hereditary bleeding disorders have the highest risk. Woman who are post-menopausal with certain gynecological cancers are at risk for menorrhagia.Complications
Iron deficiency anemia is a common type of anemia that is caused by menorrhagia. Severe cramps (dysmenorrhea) may accompany heavy bleeding. The hormone imbalances and irregular periods associated with menorrhagia may contribute to infertility.Advancements
NovaSure® is a newer treatment for menorrhagia. It is a quick, safe, simple, one-time endometrial ablation treatment. It is an alternative to hysterectomy. NovaSure gently removes the lining of the uterus with precisely measured electrical energy. This quick simple procedure is performed as an in-office procedure and generally takes less than 5 minutes. Unlike other ablation methods or hysterectomy, NovaSure does not involve hormones and has a quick recovery time—most women return to their regular activities the next day.
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This information is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It should not be used in place of an individual consultation or examination or replace the advice of your health care professional and should not be relied upon to determine diagnosis or course of treatment.
The iHealthSpot patient education library was written collaboratively by the iHealthSpot editorial team which includes Senior Medical Authors Dr. Mary Car-Blanchard, OTD/OTR/L and Valerie K. Clark, and the following editorial advisors: Steve Meadows, MD, Ernie F. Soto, DDS, Ronald J. Glatzer, MD, Jonathan Rosenberg, MD, Christopher M. Nolte, MD, David Applebaum, MD, Jonathan M. Tarrash, MD, and Paula Soto, RN/BSN. This content complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information. The library commenced development on September 1, 2005 with the latest update/addition on February 16, 2022. For information on iHealthSpot’s other services including medical website design, visit www.iHealthSpot.com.
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